Category: Business paper

Can we help you create a customized business plan to meet your identified business? We are experts in this field and we can help you create winning business plans. Here is a sample of a template that had been used elsewhere.

PROJECT PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

BUSINESS PLAN

(for your own, new Business)

Executive Summary

Hint: You should write this last. See instructions on the last page.

PART I – BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

Business Name

What is the name of your business?
Hint:   When you think of the name of your business, make sure that it captures the spirit of the business you’re creating.

Description of Business

What will your business do?
Hint:   Imagine that you are explaining your business to a family member or a friend. The business should be easy to explain. Keep your description here to about 30 words or less.

Form of Business Ownership

What form of business ownership (sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation) will your business take? Why did you choose this form?
Hint:   For more information on the types of business ownership, refer to the Intro to Business or Law class.

Ethical Issues

All businesses have to deal with ethical issues. One way to address these issues is to create a code of ethics. List three core (unchanging) principles that your business will follow.
Hint:   To help you consider the ethical issues that your business might face, refer to Chapter about Ethics.

Social Responsibility

A business shows social responsibility by respecting all of its stakeholders. What steps will you take to create a socially responsible business?
Hint:   What steps can you take to be a good citizen in the community? Consider also how you may need to be socially responsible toward your customers and, if applicable, investors, employees, and suppliers.

Global Issues

Do you think that you’ll sell your product in another country? If so, what countries would you choose, and why? What challenges will you face?
Hint:   Consider how you will expand internationally (i.e. independent agent, licensing, etc.). Do you expect global competition for your product? What advantages will foreign competitors have?

PATRT II – Mission Statement

Provide a brief mission statement for your business
Hint:   Be sure to include the name of your business, how you will stand out from your competition, and why a customer will buy from you.

PART III – SWOT ANALYSIS

1. Internal Environment

Hint:   Describe the components of the internal environment: resources (human, physical, financial, knowledge/expertise, etc.) This description should be the rationale for the Strengths & Weaknesses.

2. External Environment

Hint:   Describe/analyze (only) the components of the external environment that you consider will affect your marketing decision. These analyses should be the rationale for the Opportunities & Threats. Use the Internet sources as: census.gov; weather.com; sba.org; google maps; claritas360.claritas.com/mybestsegments; and any other website that helps you finding data about the trends, behavior, or possible changes of the following components of the environment:

• Customers/ Demographic environment
• Competition
• Suppliers
• Intermediaries (advertising agencies, marketing research companies, mass media, shipping companies, banks, etc.)
• Economic environment
• Technological environment
• Natural environment
• Political-legal environment
• Socio-cultural environment

Strengths ·       JT International Consulting is aimed at supporting small scale farmer. ·       Low start-up cost. ·       The company can expand internationally creating connection between all of South, Central and North America.	Weaknesses ·       Lack of training. ·       Poor market research
Opportunities ·       Good relationship with suppliers and agents.	Threats ·       Weather disasters can affect trade compliance.

 

PART IV – Business Goals

Consider the goals for your business. What are three of your business goals for the first year? What are two intermediate to long-term goals?
Hint:   Be as specific and realistic as possible with the goals you set. For example, if you plan on selling a service, how many customers do you want by the end of the first year and how much do you want each customer to spend? If you plan on selling a good, how many do you hope to sell?

PART V – Management

Who will manage the business?
Hint: Think about how many levels of management as well as what kind of managers your business needs.

Organization Chart

Show how the “team” fits together by creating a simple organizational chart for your business. Make sure that you organizational chart indicates who will work for each manager as well as each person’s job title.
Hint:   Most businesses start quite small. However, as you create your organizational chart, consider what your business will look like in the future. What different tasks are involved in the business? Who will each person report to in the organizational structure?

PART VI – RESOURCES

Resources: Equipment, Furniture, Raw Materials and Supplies, Time

Explain what types of raw materials and supplies you will need to run your business. How will you produce your good or service? What equipment do you need? What hours will you operate?

Quality Assurance

What steps will you take to ensure that the quality of the product or service stays at a high level? Who will be responsible for maintaining the quality of the product or service (or both)?
Hint:   Refer to the discussion of quality improvement and Total Quality Management for information to get you started.

Resources: EMPLOYEES (see the attached document “staffing” in order to create job descriptions and specifications; cut and paste here the tables)

Job Descriptions

Looking back at your organizational chart in Part 2, briefly create a job description for each team member.
Hint:   A job description lists the duties and responsibilities of a job; its working conditions; and the tools, materials, equipment and information used to perform it. Imagine your business on a typical day. Who is working and what are each person’s responsibilities? (Note that if your business is very large, you should ask your instructor how many positions he or she would like you to create job descriptions for.)

Job Specifications

Next, create a job specification for each job, listing the skills and other credentials and qualifications needed to perform the job effectively.
Hint:   As you write your job specifications, consider what you would write if you were making an ad for the position. What would the new employee need to bring to the job in order to qualify for the position?

Training Employees

What sort of training, if any, will your employees need once they are hired? How will you provide this training?
Hint:   Will you offer your employees on-the-job training? Off-the-job training? Vestibule training?

Compensation

A major factor in retaining skill workers is a company’s compensation system—the total package of rewards that it offers employees in return for their labor. Part of this compensation system includes wages/salaries. What wages or salaries will you offer for each job? Why did you decide on that pay rate?
Hint:   You may also want to check out sites like www.salary.com, which includes a salary wizard you can use to determine how much people with different job titles are making in your area and across the United States.

Incentives

Incentive programs are special programs designed to motivate high performance. What incentives will you use to motivate your workforce?
Hint:   Be creative and look beyond a simple answer such as giving pay increases. Ask yourself, who are my employees and what is important to them?

Resources: IT

What kind of IT resources will your business require?
Hint:   Think about the employees in their business and what they will need in order to do their jobs. What computer hardware and software will they need? Will your business need a network and an Internet connection? What type of network?

Customer Services

How will you use information technology to keep track of your customers and potential customers?

Hint:   Many businesses—even small businesses—use databases to keep track of their customers. Will your business require a database? What about other information systems

 

PATRT VII – MARKETING

Ideal Customer

Briefly describe your ideal customer. What are they like in terms of age, income level, and so on?
Hint:   You don’t have to give too much detail in this part of the plan; you’ll provide more details about customers and marketing in later parts of the plan.

Target Market

Describe your target market in terms of age, education level, income, and other demographic variables.
Hint: Be as detailed as possible about who you think your customers will be.

Competitive Advantage

Why will customers choose to buy from your business, instead of your competition?
Hint:   In this section, describe what will be unique about your business. For example, is the product special, will customer service be exceptional, or will you offer the product at a lower price?

Product Features and Benefits

Describe the features and benefits of your product or service.
Hint:   A product is a bundle of attributes—features and benefits. What features does your product have—what does it look like and what does it do? How will your product benefit the buyer?

Product Differentiation

How will you make your product stand out in the crowd?
Hint:   There are many ways to stand out in the crowd, such as a unique product, outstanding service, or a great location. What makes your “great idea” special? Does it fill an unmet need in the marketplace? How will you differentiate your product to make sure that it succeeds?

Pricing

What pricing strategy will you choose for your product, and what are the reasons for this strategy?

Hint: Since your business is new, so is the product. Therefore, you probably want to choose between price skimming and penetration pricing, or maybe a price based on competition. Which will you choose and why?

Place (Distribution) Issues

Where will customers find your product or service? What issues of the distribution mix should you consider?

Hint: What distribution strategy will you choose? Intensive, selective, exclusive? Why? If you sell the product directly to the consumers, what types of retail stores will sell your product? If your product will be sold to another business, which channel of distribution will you use? If you offer a service ambience, minimizing waiting time, parking, scheduling are distribution issues you should explain.

Promotion

What promotion mix will you choose for your new product/business. Why?

Hint: Marketers use any combination of advertising, sales promotions, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, internet marketing. You may use a specific communication media, vehicle, to carry your message to potential customers. When you build the promotion mix keep in mind the cost, and the budget you will allocate for this. You should research for prices of advertising, website design, domain, search engine optimization (SEO), Facebook or any social media cost, business cards, brochures, uniforms, corporate gifts, billboards, etc. (4imprint.com; vistaprint.com; valpak.com; groupon.com; global.nielsen.com; yelp.com; etc.)

How and what will you communicate to your target? What is the message? What is your IMC? What combination of promotion tools will you use?

PATRT VIII – FINANCIAL ISSUES

Cost of Doing Business

What are the costs of doing business? Equipment, supplies, salaries, rent, utilities, and insurance are just some of these expenses. Estimate what it will cost to do business for one year.

Hint: Insert the costs associated with doing business in the following table. The list below provides some hints as to where you can get this information. Note that these are just estimates—just try your best to include accurate costs for the expenses you think will be a part of doing business.

Hints for each expense in the table below:

• Rent: Refer to the floor plan. How many square feet is your place of business? What is the “going rate” per square foot for office space in your community? A real estate agent or a local SBA representative (sba.gov) can also be helpful in answering this question.
• Salaries: Refer to the organizational chart. How much will each employee earn? How many hours will each employee be needed on a weekly basis? Once you’ve determined the weekly cost, then expand it to a monthly and a yearly cost.
• Supplies: Refer to the floor plan. How much will all of the computers, equipment, and furniture cost? What kinds of general office supplies will you need? Most prices for this information can be found on an office supply website such as staples.com.
• Advertising and Other Promotions: Refer to your marketing section. You have described how you wish to reach your customer—now you need to decide how much it will cost. If you are using television, contact the sales department at a local station. If you are using newspaper, contact their advertising department. Salespeople are usually happy to answer your questions. You can also find information on prices at vistaprint.com or www.4imprint.com
• Utilities: These amounts will vary, depending on your business and what utilities you will pay. If your business looks like an office, then this cost may be similar to what a homeowner pays. However, if your business involves making a product, then the costs will be significant.
• Insurance: This value will be affected by the nature of the business. More equipment will usually mean higher insurance costs.

Expenses	Expected Monthly Cost	Expected Yearly Cost
Rent or mortgage
Salaries and Wages
Equipment, and Furniture (computers, software, copy machine, desks, chairs, etc.), other things needed to open the business – bought one time – fixed assets
Inventory – only if you buy products and resale them
Supplies, raw materials, things needed to run the business – bought and used monthly.
Advertising and Other Promotions
Utilities: Heat, Electricity, etc.
Telephone and Internet
Insurance
Accounting services – if you don’t have an accountant on the payroll
Legal services – if you don’t have a lawyer on the payroll
Other (specify)
Other (specify)

Expected Revenue

How much will you charge for your product? How many products do you believe that you can sell in one year (or how many customers do you think your business can attract)? Multiply the price that you will charge by the number of products that you hope to sell or the amount you hope each customer will spend. This will give you an estimate of your revenues for one year.
Hint:   You will use the amounts you calculate in the costs and revenues questions in this part of the plan in the accounting statements in the next part, so be as realistic as you can.

Financial Statements – budgeted

Create (in this specific order) the income statement, the statement of owner’s equity, the cash budget and the balance sheet, for the first year for your business

Hint: These documents will include projected numbers. You must use the excel template provided in a separate attachment and make any necessary changes/adjustments based on your type of business.

Startup Costs

How much money will you need to get your business started?
Hint:   Refer back to the part where you analyzed the costs involved in running your business. Approximately how much will you need to get your business started?

Financing

How will you finance your business? For example, will you seek out a bank loan? Borrow from friends? Sell stocks or bonds initially or as your business grows?

Executive Summary

Now, create an executive summary for your business plan. The executive summary should be brief—no more than one-two pages long—and should cover the following points:

• The name of your business
• Where your business will be located
• The mission of your business
• The product or service you are selling
• Who your ideal customers are
• How your product or business will stand out in the crowd
• Who the owners of the business are and what experience they have
• An overview of the future prospects for your business and industry

Hint: At this point, you’ve already answered all of these questions, so what you need to do here is put the ideas together into a “snapshot” format. The executive summary is really a sales pitch—it’s the investor’s first impression of your idea. Therefore, as with all parts of the plan, write in a clear and professional way.

Once you have written the executive summary, CUT and PASTE it, so that it falls at the beginning of your business plan, as the very first element.

Paper details:

16 peer-reviewed sources dated within the past 5 years need all articles used sent to me.

Including an intro, literature review, problem statement, purpose statement, reference page, and in-text citations. APA.

First, review the required textbook readings and the additional resources on cost of capital. Notice that there are specific strategies that a majority of companies employ in order to justify a new project and all of these analyses involve a minimum required rate of return.
Next, select a company in a specific industry. In your initial post, address the following:
• What company have you selected and in which industry? Put your company and industry in the subject line.
o Note: Be sure to select a company that is different from those selected by your peers. In addition, you may not use your selected company, as it is part of your final project.
• What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company? Provide the source where you have obtained it or the performed calculation.
• What are some of the risks that the company and industry are facing in the current economic and political environment that could impact their WACC? Research risks using current financial publications (e.g., Bloomberg, The Financial Times, The Economist).
o Note: For this assignment, a current publication is no older than one year. Cite your source.
In your responses to your peers, provide feedback, including different examples related to the risks and their impacts on the specific industry or company they selected. Comment on the similarities and differences in your peer’s responses compared to your own.

 

Accounting Firm Enron, Satyam – example of Ethic Violation Issues
1. AICPA Code of Professional Conduct
Go to the AICPA.org Website, locate the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, and read the following sections:
ET Section 101 – Independence
.01 Rule 101 – Independence
.02 101-1 – Interpretation of Rule 101
2. Case study: PwC
Research PwC Ethics Violations. An example you might use:
https://fcpablog.com/2019/09/25/pwc-and-partner-violated-auditor-independence-rules/
Also search for ethics news relating to other major accounting firms (KPMG, Ernst & Young, Deloitte). What do you learn from your search?
Post comments on the victims of the ethics violations and, separately, the concept of internal control.
Your post should be several paragraphs in length, and addresses the questions or topics presented above.

First, review the required textbook readings and the additional resources on cost of capital. Notice that there are specific strategies that a majority of companies employ in order to justify a new project and all of these analyses involve a minimum required rate of return.
Next, select a company in a specific industry. In your initial post, address the following:
• What company have you selected and in which industry? Put your company and industry in the subject line.
o Note: Be sure to select a company that is different from those selected by your peers. In addition, you may not use your selected company, as it is part of your final project.
• What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company? Provide the source where you have obtained it or the performed calculation.
• What are some of the risks that the company and industry are facing in the current economic and political environment that could impact their WACC? Research risks using current financial publications (e.g., Bloomberg, The Financial Times, The Economist).
o Note: For this assignment, a current publication is no older than one year. Cite your source.
In your responses to your peers, provide feedback, including different examples related to the risks and their impacts on the specific industry or company they selected. Comment on the similarities and differences in your peer’s responses compared to your own.

 

1. Compute ROE for all 3 years reported on income statement.

	2021	2020	2019	2018
NP	20.878	14.714	15.119	15.297
SE	74,023	63,278	59,471	59,752
ROE	0.304	0.240	0.254	0.256

 

2. Compute RNOA and its two components (NOPM and NOAT) for all 3 years reported on the income statement.

	2021	2020	2019
RNOA	0.145	0.099	0.106
NOPM	0.223	0.178	0.184
NOAT	0.649	0.556	0.577

 

2a. ROE & RNOA Differences:

• Which Year was more profitable?

 

• How do operating and non-operating portions of ROE compare?

 

• Compare ROE and RNOA with the graph in exhibit 3.8.

 

 

 

• Is NOPM similar for both years?

 

 

• Are NOAT ratios similar or markedly different?

 

 

 

4. Compare the ratios of the companies; what are the differences over time?

 

Vertical Analysis
2021	2020	2019
100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
31.84%	34.42%	33.58%
68.16%	65.58%	66.42%
26.30%	26.74%	27.03%
15.69%	14.72%	13.84%
0.96%	0.22%	1.08%
-0.06%	-0.13%	-0.44%
0.20%	0.24%	0.39%
0.52%	3.51%	3.08%
0.27%	0.30%	0.32%
24.29%	19.98%	21.12%
2.02%	2.16%	2.69%
22.26%	17.82%	18.42%

 

 

Horizontal Analysis
2021	2020
13.55%	0.64%
5.02%	3.16%
18.03%	-0.63%
11.66%	-0.42%
21.01%	7.08%
397.24%	-79.66%
-52.25%	-68.91%
-8.96%	-36.79%
-83.13%	14.81%
2.02%	-7.14%
38.06%	-4.80%
6.45%	-19.28%
41.89%	-2.68%

 

 

Vertical Analysis
2021	2020	2019
7.96%	8.00%	10.97%
9.41%	6.40%	1.26%
8.40%	7.76%	9.18%
5.71%	5.34%	5.72%
2.03%	1.79%	1.52%
0.00%	0.00%	0.06%
33.50%	29.30%	28.70%
10.42%	10.73%	11.20%
25.49%	30.53%	30.21%
19.36%	20.81%	21.33%
5.62%	4.88%	4.96%
5.61%	3.75%	3.61%
100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
2.07%	1.50%	0.76%
6.07%	5.43%	5.42%
7.48%	7.99%	6.16%
6.64%	6.58%	6.90%
1.97%	1.99%	2.13%
0.61%	0.80%	1.44%
24.85%	24.30%	22.80%
16.47%	18.66%	16.80%
4.11%	4.12%	3.78%
4.89%	6.16%	6.76%
3.14%	3.75%	4.72%
5.87%	6.83%	7.44%
59.33%	63.82%	62.30%
0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
1.71%	1.78%	1.98%
-7.17%	-8.71%	-10.07%
67.61%	65.12%	70.16%
62.15%	58.19%	62.06%
21.48%	22.01%	24.36%
40.67%	36.18%	37.70%
100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

 

 

 

Horizontal Analysis
2021	2020
3.59%	-19.19%
52.87%	465.09%
12.57%	-6.25%
11.16%	3.59%
18.17%	30.94%
100.00%	-100.00%
19.01%	13.17%
1.04%	6.27%
-13.13%	12.09%
-3.15%	8.19%
19.79%	9.14%
55.68%	15.22%
4.07%	10.88%
43.14%	118.89%
16.31%	11.25%
-2.55%	43.78%
5.06%	5.79%
2.93%	3.88%
-20.11%	-38.57%
6.43%	18.15%
-8.12%	23.18%
3.78%	21.08%
-17.39%	1.01%
-12.90%	-11.89%
-10.53%	1.79%
-3.24%	13.60%
100.00%	100.00%
0.00%	0.00%
-14.33%	-4.08%
8.05%	2.92%
11.16%	3.96%
1.58%	0.19%
16.98%	6.40%
4.07%	10.88%

 

Write a 3-5 page executive summary that justifies the operating budget you prepared in Assessment 2.
Introduction
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Negotiating budgets and communicating financial needs to stakeholders are vital skills for nurse leaders. Given today’s numerous constraints on funding and a highly competitive environment, the ability to win support for your budget proposals hinges on being able to present a compelling argument based on well-documented needs, accurate financial information, and a justifiable business case.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you to examine the mission and goals of a health care organization, in order to justify a budget proposal. A persuasive argument requires thoughtful justification and rationale for the expenses required to support your proposal. A proposal that supports the organization’s mission and goals strengthens your argument and is much more likely to get you what you need.
In every health care organization, dollars are scarce and the budget process is carefully scrutinized at every level. Nurse leaders must be business-savvy. They must be able to make a compelling case for why every budget line item and every dollar on a budget supports the mission and goals of the unit and the organization. This means that nurse leaders must be able to think in terms of the
business
of health care and be able to present a business proposal or plan with thorough and thoughtful justification and rationale for expenses. The business plan should present accurate, factual data and costs, and should also be concise and clearly organized.
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Preparation
The financial department has reviewed your unit’s operating budget and has asked you to submit an executive summary that provides support for your budget proposal. Your challenge is to position your unit favorably within an environment of competing demands for limited funding.
Note:
Remember that you can submit all of, or a portion of, your draft to Smarthinking for feedback before you submit the final version for this assessment. However, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24-48 hours for receiving feedback, if you plan on using this free service.
As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.
Consider the operating budget you developed in Assessment 2.
How would you justify your budget to executive leaders?
How would you link your budget to the organization’s goals and objectives?
How would you propose to meet productivity goals while staying within budget?
The following resources are required to complete the assessment.
APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]
. Use this tutorial for your executive summary.
Requirements
Note:
The following requirements correspond to the grading criteria in the assessment scoring guide. Be sure that your executive summary addresses each point, at a minimum. You may also want to read the
Guiding Questions: Budget Negotiations and Communication [DOCX]
to better understand how each criterion will be assessed.
Write an executive summary of the operating budget you prepared in Assessment 2 that makes a compelling case for why funds should be allocated for your budget.
Outline a strategic plan that ensures profitability and fiscal success.
Present a plan to meet staff productivity goals, while staying within budget parameters.
Justify equipment and service costs.
Analyze department, unit, or project alignment with the organization’s mission and goals.
Write clearly and concisely, using correct grammar and mechanics.
Integrate relevant and credible sources of evidence to support your assertions, correctly formatting citations and references using the current APA style.
Additional Requirements
Format your summary using APA style.
Use the APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX] to help you in writing and formatting your summary. Be sure to include:
A title page and reference page. An abstract is not required.
A running head on all pages.
Appropriate section headings.
A minimum of five properly formatted citations and references.
Your summary should be 3-5 pages in length, not including the title page and reference page.
Portfolio Prompt:
You may choose to save this learning activity to your ePortfolio.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Design an operating budget that incorporates variances or discretionary spending.
Outline a strategic plan that ensures profitability and fiscal success.
Competency 2: Develop a plan for managing the labor force, within the parameters of the budget and productivity.
Present a plan to meet staff productivity goals, while staying within budget parameters.
Competency 4: Determine the equipment and services needed to maintain seamless patient or client care

Justify equipment and service costs.
Competency 5: Apply financial principles to a strategic plan for achieving organizational goals and fiscal success.
Analyze department, unit, or project alignment with an organization’s mission and goals.
Competency 6: Communicate effectively with diverse audiences, in an appropriate form and style, consistent with applicable organizational, professional, and scholarly standards.
Write clearly and concisely, using correct grammar and mechanics.
Integrate relevant and credible sources of evidence to support your assertions, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.

Choose Family scenario
Create a debt snowball plan for the scenario selected for the Financial Plan.
Download and complete the Debt Management Plan template. Debt Management Plan template. – Alternative Formats
Step 1: List out their current liabilities.
Step 2: Determine where you may want to cut expenses or add any additional income to pay off the debts. You may need to refer to the spending plan

Our central bank (the Fed) and our Presidents (Trump and Biden) and Congress have done a lot to fight the recession associated with the COVID crisis. We have recovered to some extent from the recession but have entered a weak recovery. Now there is talk of both inflation and possible recession. Where is our economy currently at? This is a lot like the discussion board but is asking you to dig a little more.
You must find 8 articles…
You must find at least 1 article about what the Federal Reserve is doing and what they are concerned about now
You must find at least 1 article about what Congress and President Biden is doing with the economy
Have they done enough? What are the current worries facing the economy?

You should have at the beginning the 8 articles you found, listing them by title and author (half page)
You should have a summary of the 8 articles, explaining what is happening to the economy and what the central bank (monetary policy) and Congress and the President (fiscal policy) are doing to fight the situation. (1-2 pages)

Total length: 7-9 pages typed, double spaced, 12 font size, (minimum) you can write more if needed

The UK railway industry was deeply reformed in the early 90s. Ending the previous vertically integrated public monopoly, the 90s reform combined privatization with a radical reorganization of the industry based on competition for the market and vertical separation. Very recently (2021-22) the government announced a plan to deeply reform the industry again, ending some of the crucial characteristics of the industry introduced by the 90s reform.

The academic papers below describe and critically assess the 90s reform. The media articles below, report the main points of the recent government plan, and critically assess it. Please read these papers and use your knowledge of the module topics to critically discuss the following:

– The main reasons and goals of the 90s reform;
– The role of competition for the market, vertical separation, and price regulation in this reform;
– The main problems shown by the resulting industry organization since the application of the 90s reform, as evidenced by the academic literature (after having illustrated them, you may decide to go deeper on some of them);
– The reasons and goals of the recent government reform plan and its likely effects (again, you may decide to deepen some of them);
– Any other interesting aspect of the regulation of this industry you may have noticed from your readings.

Please, give your essay a well-organized structure (i.e., use sections).

Academic papers:

[1] Shaoul, J. (2007) Leasing passenger trains: the British experience. Transport Reviews, Vol. 27, 189-212.

[2] Tyrrall, D. (2004) The UK railway privatisation: failing to succeed? Oxford: Institute of Economic Affairs.

[3] Yvrande-Billon, A. and C. Menard (2005) Institutional Constraints and organizational changes: the case of British rail reform. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 56, 675-699.

Short media articles:

[4] I. Grasso Macola, Explained: the end to the rail franchising system in the UK, Railway technology, 23 September 2020.

[5] Main points of the 2021 Williams-Shapps plan for rail. Abstract from: www.ashurst.com

[6) Criticisms of the Williams-Shapps plan. The Guardian: 16 May 2021 & 10 January 2022.